Before you enable two-step authentication using text messaging, please note that SMS is unencrypted, requires cell reception, and is vulnerable to SIM swap attacks. Once your phone number is known, there is currently no feasible way to defend yourself from SIM swap attacks. Stripe encourages you to use an authenticator app or a hardware security key instead.
If you would like to use SMS anyway:
The setup process is then complete. Going forward, Stripe will request a code if you sign in from a new device, as well as periodically to make sure it's still secure.